Roscosmos Russian Space Exploration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 346 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Science Essay Level High school Topics: Space Exploration Essay Did you like this example? The Russian Federal Space Agency, Roscosmos, was formed in 1992 to perform numerous civilian activities such as Earth monitoring and running the astronaut program, as well as coordinating with the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation for military launches into space. In 2016, it opened a new launch complex called Vostochny that intended to eventually take over most of the duties of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, its current primary launch facility in Kazakhstan. The main objective of the forming of Roscosmos was the Soviet-U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Roscosmos: Russian Space Exploration" essay for you Create order Space Race. This section of the Russian government made many space exploration devices such as Sputnik (1957), Soyuz 1,Luna 1, and Soyuz 11. The Luna 1 was the technology to fly by the sun. The Soviets also failed in many areas of space exploration, in 1960 a R-16 missile detonated at Baikonur and killed 150 people. The details werent known by the public, or even the affected families, for many decades due to the secrecy of the Soviet-U.S. Space Race. Another failure of the Russian Space Missions was in 2013, when a fragment of a Chinese satellite collided with the Russians small laser-ranging satellite called BLITS. The crash knocked BLITS from its original orbit and broke it into at least two fragments. The Russian Federal Space Agency over the years have had many successes and failures, but in the future they plan to make a Mars mission which is expected to launch in 2020. The idea of space exploration was started by the Russian and America, as well as other countries, in the mid 1900s as a competitive race. But today, that same competitive nature although subsided, launched a world-changing curiosity into space. Without the competition of the Soviet-U.S. Space Race, the Russians would probably never have made as many space explorations and space technologies as we have now. I believe the Soviets Federal Space Agency, Roscosmos, was the leading force of space agencies due to the competitive nature installed by the Soviet-U.S. S pace Race. Due to this driving force, Russians created the basis of space knowledge and inspires and educates scientists to explore space into the 21st century.

The Superiority Complex Suketu Mehta Essay - 544 Words

In his article, The Superiority Complex, Mehta focuses his analysis on Amy Chua and Jed Rubenfeld’s book, The triple package: How three unlikely traits explain the rise and fall of cultural groups in America. Suketu Mehta is the author of Maximum City: Bombay lost and found and a teacher at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism institute at New York University. Mehta compares this book to several others books written in previous years like Passing of the Great Race by Madison (1916) and The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington (2004) and points out the similarity in which it portrays racism but it has been veiled with terms like culture, ethnicity and religion. Mehta discusses the various stages of racism in America; how it has evolved†¦show more content†¦The success of the immigrants is not determined by their country of origin either. Taking the Indians for example, their country is a ‘sorry mess’ as described by Mehta but in America they are more suc cessful than other countries like Mexico. This is simply explained by the difference in distance between America and the native country. The cost of travelling from far away countries hinders the economically disadvantaged from migrating unlike in nearer countries where anyone can easily migrate. This significantly affects the percentage rate of success among different countries. This article turned out to be very helpful in understanding the hardships faced by immigrants in New York City and America at large. Though Mehta is Indian and a victim of discrimination, the article is quite unbiased and clear in presenting the stories of the immigrants. The article clearly makes a connection between the historical America and the modern America by pointing out how racism has not been completely done with but has only evolved to other veiled forms. The roots of racism in America date back to the time of slavery when people from other races considered being inferior to that of the westerners, Africans mostly, were enslaved and forced to work for the ‘superior’ Americans. The article accurately articulates the challenges faced by American emigrants and the different excuses that the Americans use to justify their racist actions. ItShow MoreRelatedGender Discrimination Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pages  2009. Web. March 4, 2014.  Ã‚   Gillard, Julia, PM. Sexism and Misogyny Speech. Australia, Canberra.  9 Oct. 2012. The Sydney Morning Herald.  Web. 19 Mar. 2014.   Noah, Peter. Icarus.  Scandal. ABC. 7 Nov. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.   Mehta,  Suketu. â€Å"‘Tiger Mom’ Superiority Complex.†Ã‚  Time.  Feb 3,2014. Web. Feb 20, 2014. Steinbeck, John.  Of Mice and Men.  New York: Penguin Books, 1937. Print. United States. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.  Highlights of Women’s Earnings. Web. 19 Mar. 2014Read MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesinternational novels, owing to their rather uncanny dissimilar shades, varied dialects and traditional flavour. Lately, a new pattern of Indian novels is into the markets, identified as `graphic novels` (a type of comic book, mostly with a lengthy and complex storyline similar to those of novels; the term also embraces comic short story anthologies, and in some instances bound compendiums of previously published comic book series). These novels are imbibed with life through both speech and images. Some

Add Media Free Essays

No PSYCHOLOGY REVISION- MRS DAWSON Models of addiction There are different models of addiction, these are the biological model, the cognitive model and the social learning model. Initiation – this refers to the process where individuals start to become addictive Maintance – this is the process whereby people continue to behave addictively even in the face of adverse consequences Relapse – this is the process whereby individuals who have managed to give their addictive habit start to show signs and symptoms of the behaviour again. BIOLOGICAL MODEL They say that it is an illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Add Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Addiction is an illness therefore the problem is within the person. Because it is an illness, it can be cured. We are born with something and that something is triggered off. More likely to be addicted to it. If a person quits their addiction, a biological predisposition makes relapse more likely. The role of dopamine in addiction Initiation- Research shows addiction always stimulates the reward circuit in the brain. Rewarding experiences triggers the release of dopamine and effectively tell the brain to ‘do it again’. Maintance – Drugs eventually result in a reduction in the activity of positive reward circuits in the brain. The negative state then become in dominant driving force in the drug calling. The individual doesn’t take the drug for pleasure, but takes it to avoid unpleasement. Because of this, they need more of the drug. Relapse – Eventually the desire for the drug may assume more importance than more other desires. The frontal cortex has become less effective at making decisions and judging the consequences of action. Imminent reward that forces the addict to take the drugs. The endogenous opiod system This is a type of addiction. It also includes the brain. Transmitters in the brain include enkeohain and the endorphins. They are activated in pleasure. Naltexrexone – this is an alcohol treatment, which prevents opiod receptors, and this also prevents effects of alcohol. Neurodaptation KOCH AND LE MOAL says drugs dependence is to do with neuroadptations. They state that psychoactive drug’s change the brains wiring. If stopped, the changes are no longer needed and causes disruption. Genetics Good way to research this is to study twins. Family studies then to illustrate environmental factors in the development of addiction as well. Need to see if it is environmental or genetic. Agravel Lynsky 2006 – genetic influence with heritability estimates ranging between 45% -gt; 79% Kender et all (1998) – 1934 female twins. Drug addiction was mainly due to genetic factor. Blum et al (1991) – addictive off springs had the A1 gene showed that they had fewer dopamine receptors. Those who have these gens are more likely to be addicted to drugs which will produce more dopamine. But this could be because they have fewer dopamine. EVAULATION OF BIOLOGICAL MODEL X range is too wide X animals are not humans so cant verify. v explains why some people are addicted X BUT sometimes it depends on the environment X neurotransmitters have complex effects. Not fully understood X neglects social situations X too reductionalist – US soldiers took drugs while they were away but once they were home they didn’t. X some people may be experimenters ? chicken or the egg X very correlation. Can’t connect them in a cause and effect way. X need more research in to it X people may indulge but not addicted X animal studies LEARNING THEORY OF ADDICTION Acquires habits, which are learnt according to the principles of SLT. Things can be unlearned. There are different degrees of addiction. Bandura – Bobo doll Children learnt via observation Some one who is reinforced (operant) their behaviour is more likely yo be limited Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement received indirectly by observing someone else and being reinforced Imitating someone we admire Cognitive labelling model An alcoholic walks pass a pub. The cue, associated with the drinking gives a psychological response and actives a memory of drinking. The sign of a high heart rate tells the person they need a drink. Outcome expectancy model Someone who has an addictive behaviour, when they are confronted with a cue for the drug, it might trigger thoughts of excitement and would do it again Classical conditioning Addictive behaviour is also seen as being explained by classical conditioning. Drug abuse became associated with certain environmental factors until these factors alone produce a high. Intuition, maintance and relapse are due to learning experiences involving environmental. The cue-reacting theory Carter and Tiffany (1999) – addicts associates things, which were similar to their addiction. Explained via classical conditioning. The cues become able to elite conditioning responses even in the absence of the action smoking or gambling behaviour. Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Pleasant consequences Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant (likely to be repeated) Punishment Unpleasant consequences. Less likely to be repeated. Addicts change their behaviour in response to rewards and punishment. Bring about change in mood and material changes. Skinner – worked with animals. Greater behaviour changes when he gave less reinforcement or when they are unpredictable. Can explain why gamblers may get addicted. They are not winning all the time, makes compulsion strange. Learning Model Initiation – initial rewards shapes future behaviour Maintance – continues rewards reinforce and maintain behaviour Relapse – person giving up, relapse might be less likely if they have ‘relearnt’ the addictive behaviour all individuals are equally suspicious EVAULATION X animals X learning theories are reductionalists v can explain differences COGNITIVE MODEL OF ADDICTION Cognitive is thinking. This emphasises the habitual ways people deal with life events may lead to addicitive behabviour. A person can rely on drugs or even gambling as a way of coping with life’s problems. But these may create more problems than causes. Beck et al ‘the vicious cycle’ Low mood -;gt; using smoking/ gambling -;gt; finacial, medical or social problem -;gt; the cycle continues Low mood can be relieved by addictive behaviour. Addiction can lead to problems. These problems lead to low mood. The cycle begins again. Coping : self mediciation model Initation – indivduals uses the addicitive behaviour to copy with stress/psycholoigcal problems. It is not choosen at random, it has been selected to help with a particular problem. Helps fulfil the 3 main functions – mood regulation – performance management – distraction Maintance and relapse – many smaller mention stress relief as a major reason why they keep to their habit Self efficacy theory BANDORA – This refers to one being organised and control any actions required to meet particular goal. This plays an important part in whether or not a person will start to engage in addicitive behaviour (initation). Whether they believe they can do anything about it once established (maintance and relaspe) FAULTY THINKING – Addicters lie to themselves because they think that it may bring them luck. But not all things are luck but people believe that whhat they are doing is correct. EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE MODEL Strenghts. – v cognitive explanations help explain individuals differences. Not everyone is addicitive X relative success of cognitive treatment of addicition support there is some cognitive basis Weaknessess – X publication bias – studies show a link between positive expectations and drinking behaviour. But not all studies are publlished so we get an unrepresentative view EXPLANATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ADDICTIONS Smoking – Smoking produces a phsyical addicition to nicotine, influencing dopamine production and the brain reward system. The WHO (world health organisations) estimates there are 1. billion smokers worldwide and they smoke 6 trilliopn cigarettes a year. Bad for you Smoking leads to high blood pressure, heart disease, lung disease, cancer and strokes. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to have premature babies. The fact peoe still smoke knowing the facts shows how addicitve it is. Nicotine There are about 3000 chemi cal components in cigarette smoke but nicotime is the addicitve chemical. HILTS (1994) compared nicotine with heroin, cocaine, alcohol,m caffeine and cannabis. He ranked nicotine lowest in terms of effect but highest in terms of dependence. Smokers why try to give up have a relapse rate of 70%. Quickly Addictive DIFRANZA (2007) found teenage smokers had strong craving cigarettes two days after staring, suggesting how quickly people became addicted. Reasons to smoke – biological model Nicotine in cigarettes is seen as affecting production of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, producing a reward effect. Genetics have more vulnerabilty to smoking addicition. SHIELDS (1992) looked at 42 twins pairs who had been reared apart. Only 9 wre discordant for smoking (one was and was a non smoker, which suggests that genes may play a part) Social Factors Most people start smoking in their childhood or adolescence. Operant conditioning does not explain this because the first few cigarettes taste horrible. So OC says that they get rewards from peers. Social Learning Theory Children copy their role models because they think it is all right to smoke. Parents But one main influence is the parents. LADER AND MATHESON (1991) said if parents smoked, children were twice as likely to smoke. Cognitive model The cognitive model suggests that teenagers have strategies for not smoking even when pressurised by peers. But there was a group who were ready to smoke (MITCHELL and WEST 1996) Individual differences In a US study, it suggests strong links between smoking and poor school records, low self-esteem no sport, and other illegal drug taking. Cognitive factors Smokers are seen as possessing irrational thoughts for instance that smoking improves cognitive functionoing or calm nerves. Such dysfunctional ideas can be self-fulfilling AO2 The fact that biological therapies help people quit supports the biological theory. Many people quit nicotine replacements suggesting social and cognitive factors. Supporting evidence NIDA (2005) found that 90% of American smokers started as teenagers, mainly as a result of copying peers, suggesting SLT as a cause of initiation of smoking. A recent Canadian study (Khaled 2005) found that there was a link between depression and nicotine where depression was higher in smokers and even higher in smokers who wanted to give up. PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS Need to meet 5/10 to be problem gamblers. More than 5, you are a pathological gambler. 1/ preoccupation with gambling 2/ need to gamble with increasing amount of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 3/ repeated unsuccessful efforts to control/out back or stop gambling. / restlessness or irritability when trying to out down on gambling. 5/ use of gambling as means of escaping from problems or relieving dysphonic mood. 6/ return to gambling even after losing money, in the hope of winning it back 7/ lying to family members, therapists or others to conceal the extent of gambling 8/ committing illegal acts such as fo rgery, fraud or theft to financial gambling 9/ jeopardising or losing significant relationships/jobs/educational opportunist as a result of gambling 10/ reliance on others to produce money to relieve a desperate situation caused by gambling Getting a ‘high’ One of the motivators is the ‘high’ they experience when they are close to winning. Raised levels of dopamine and noradrenalin have been found in people after episodes of gambling and in serious gamblers. These neurochemicals can be raised with the thought of gambling. Biological Stopping gambling seems to result in the same kind of withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping drugs. ROSENTHAL ET AL (1992) found that over 60% of pathology gamblers, reported physical withdraw and these could be compared with withdrawal of drugs. A number of studies have shown a link between potential brain abnormalities. It is linked between front lobe dysfunction and problem gambling (CAVEAINI ET AL 2002) Genetics There is evidence from studies that gambling could be inherited. Results of a twin study from SHAH (2005) found evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in men. Behavioural/sociocultural factors You are more likely to gamble if you are near a gambling area Alcohol It has been suggested that drinking increasing gambling, particularly in problem gambling. Young, game-machine gamblers stay on the machine longer when drinking. (POLS ET AL 1991). However, regular casino gamblers drink less when they are gambling. Behavioural SLT says that people copy from others. Operant says that people do it for rewards and getting high. Classical says that people associate the winning with the pleasure. Cognitive ZUCKERMAN (1979) claimed there are individual differences in the need for sensation seeking. They look for varied and new experiences. They have a low appreciation of risk and look forward to the ‘buzz’ more than low sensation seeks. Vulnerability of addiction Self esteem Teenagers are more likely to be linked with low self esteem and have addictive behaviours. Higher rates of depression and suicide – DEVERENSKY 2003 LEVY 2009 – low self esteem increase the chances of developing addiction. Genetic vulnerability. Several factors might be required have an addiction. AO2 – Cause and effect – addiction because of low self esteem or low self esteem causes addiction. GREENBERG ET AL (1999) found that in a sample of 129-addiction student, none had issues with low self esteem. Psychological therapies based on realizing self esteem levels in addicts may stop them relapsing. Attributions Explanations people give for their own behaviour. Cognitive behaviour can play a part in addictive behaviour. MOORE ET AL (1999) says that young male problem gamblers sometimes have unrealistic ideas about their chances of winning and of their ability to make things happen. People with addictive behaviour often have poor self efficacy (blame the outside world) and an external locus of control. They don’t blame their selves. SENEVITNE ET AL (2000) used a questionnaire and 70 alcoholics. The found that alcoholics saw other relapse because they have poor will power while their own relapsed were beyond their control and not their fault. AO2 May have more to do with responsibility of the addict. Therapies focus on positive beliefs on the addicts own power can lead to better success rates. Fast successful quitters in clinics often relapse on the outside as they blame outside cues to starting again. Personality EYSENCH (1997) – psychological resource model which has 3 dimensions which are inherited P (psychoticism) Aggressive, coldness, impulsivity and egocentricity N (neuroticism) Moodiness, imitabilty and anxiety E (extraversion) Optimums, liveliness and sociability There is little evidence to support a link between E and drug dependence. N and P have links with addiction to heroin, alcohol and nicotine. There is a correlation between alcohol addiction and anti social personalities. Gender Men are more likely to gamble because they are more competitive. Recent evidence has shown that there is an increase of women gamblers. With females, they are more likely to be addicted to smoking because of the risks of the consequences. (FOX 1994) However, in gambling more boys are regular gamblers than girls. JACOBS 2001 says boys start gambling earlier, spend more money and enjoy competitive skill based games. Social context Social context can influence vulnerability to dependency in many ways. Parents can be influenced through their own names to addictive behaviours. Drinking and to a lesser extent, smoking are not seen as sociability acceptable behaviours. CICCHETTIC 1999 states getting drunk and being anti-social can lead to drug abuse as can being depressed or anxious as a teenager. WAGNER ET AL 2002 found cannabis users were more likely to take cocaine so the social context can act as a ‘gateway’ to harder drugs. AO2 LESHNER 1998 believes that treatment must include social context otherwise if cue addict returns to the same social context, they will relapse. KUENTZEL 2008 found that pathological gambler give socially acceptable answers in self reports, playing down their addiction, suggesting data could be invalid. Family influence Teenagers copied off other – SLT. It also shows that a liberal attitude to drugs, poor bonding and dysfunctional relationship can lead to addictive behaviour. Parents are unconcerned about their children. Sociocultural background HALL 1990 found people in lower socio economic backgrounds were more likely to take drugs. Poor education + live in areas = high crime VITARA (2001) linked between alcohol abuse and problem gambling particularly in males. The role of media in addictive behaviour The media has influence on addictive behaviour. Advertising This can be used to encourage sales of alcoholic drinks and the lottery etc. or by the government to start anti-smoking campaigns etc. Alcohol and cigarettes CHAPMAN ET ALL 1982 found underage smokers preferred the more adverting brands. ATKIN ET AL 1984 found that 12-17 years old who had watched more adverts on drinking alcohol were more likely to approve of underage drinking. Banned on advert for cigarettes Cigarettes’ adverting is now banned in the UK as evidence as shown people are influenced by the advert they see. Role models Alcohol seems acceptable because of TV and films. SLT suggests we learn what we see which means TV characterises may influence the audience. Smokers, gamblers or drinkers as long as they are ‘loveable rogues’ could be seen as role models. CHARLTON 1986 seeing adverts made children associate smoking with looking grown up GUNSEKA 2005 found that drug taking in films to be portrayed in positive fashion with little reference to negative outcomes. AO2 Media can be positive influence on addictive behaviour. Media create moral panics which would stop addicts. The impact of media on addictive behaviour is hard to assess as research is correlation so don’t know what other variables are in place. Models of prevention of addiction Addiction = bad for a person and society Behaviour can stem from biological behaviour and cognitive factors with the addictive behaviour/addiction. It is in our interest to help prevent them before they even being or help to stop someone intending to begin an addiction TRA – THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION AJZEN AND FISHBEIN 1975 There are three general components, attitude, subjective norms and behavioural intention. This theory states the factors that are involved when people decide on their actions. People behave based on their attitudes of the behaviour and the interaction of what others will think of their behaviour. Essentially this model believes that if you have an intention to engage in a behaviour it can predict that you make a decision to carry out the behaviour. CRANO ET ALL 2008 used TRA to estimate teenager’s vulnerability to inhalant abuse, by assessing intention to use or avoid drug taking and actual behaviour. The model was found to be accurate as a predictive toll and thus useful in helping addicts to abstain. AO2 of TRA Critics see TRA as deficient in explaining behaviour of those who have little control over their behaviour, such as addicts. TRA does not consider personality and cultural factors or demographics that shape addictive behaviour. Addicts are often aware of their behaviour and that it is not rational but they cannot help their addiction. THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR – TPB TRA was modified to produce TPB, adding a new component, the influence of perceived control. The theory of planned behaviour ‘perceived control’ – this is similar to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy. According to TPB behavioural intentions are the outcome of the following beliefs. Attitude this can be a positive or negative evaluation of behaviour combined with beliefs about the outcome (e. g giving up smoking will be hard but will improve health). Subjective norms, perception if social norms ‘my friends will approve of my attempt to give up smoking’. Perceived Behaviour Control: a belief that someone can give up. AO2 of TPB The model assumes behaviours are conscious reasoned and planned, which may not be the case with addicts. As with TRA, TPB often used questionnaires to gather data, which can have issues with self report and social desirability. Most research is western countries cultural bias as individuals might not be as important in eastern cultures. Types of intervention Stages of changes model PROCHASHA AND DICLEMENTE said there were 5 stages that have to be overcome to beat addiction Pre-contemplation – before you start thinking about quitting the addiction. Contemplation – when you start to quit your addiction. Preparation – seek methods to stop addiction. Action – is starting the stopping to the addiction Maintance. People sometimes switch backwards and forwards and this is called ‘the revolving door phenomenon’. People in the preparation stage were more likely to attempt to give up an addiction than those in the contemplation stage. Psychological interventions Aversion therapy Contingency contracting Cue exposure self management technique Aversion therapy Punishment rather than reward. Been used to break smoking and alcohol addiction. Electric shocks every time the individual took addiction but was not successful. The addicts have been given a drug called Antabuse, when they drink alcohol, they are sick. They will link between the two. LANG AND MARLETT – TWO LIMITATIONS X not everyone was willing to take the drug. X doesn’t explain why they become addicted to the behaviour. With smoking, therapy was successful. Had to puff every 6 seconds, made the individual feel ill and nausea, assisted the two – SPIEGLAR AND GUEVREMONT. However, not been consistent across studies and a higher risk associated with this treatment for people who have heart problems. Didn’t focus on the act of smoking rather than causing the underlying addiction. Contingency contracting Individual to identify the environmental factors that are associated with smoking/drinking. The therapist aim to gradually expose the client to different cues and helps them to develop coping strategies to deal with the cues without resorting to smoking/drinking. Reduces the patients physical dependence on alcohol. but it does not teach them to deal with cues when they return to every day life. Cue exposure Addictive behaviour are often caused in the pressure of various stimuli. Cue exposure involves presenting the cue to the individual and helping them t control their reaction to it. In this way the response of ‘smoking’ in the pressure of alcohol fades away or exiting wishes. This is thought to be more effective than simply trying to avoid the cues. For example more drinking. Self-management technique This involves a variety of behavioural techniques. The individual is usually monitored by a therapist. The individual is asked to keep a daily record of their addictive habits and the changes to try and become aware of the things that make them become addictive. The individual should question the effects of the addiction. HALL ET ALL said that techniques can be used as a broader treatment programme, but they do not seem to be particularly effective on their own. EVAUALTION While these behaviours based can be effective, they all share the problem that they do not really address the underlying reason why people have become addictive in the first place. Often short term With all therapies for addiction, they work better if they are mixed with other therapies based on other treatment. Different ways/treatment to smoking/drinking/drugs Biological interventions have been widely used to help people give up on smoking. There have been different way of tackling with people’s smoking addiction. There are different types of treatment†¦ Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) This type of treatment involves nicotine gum, patches and nasal spray and others. These are effect because they help smokers stop their addiction in several ways. While the smoker take one of these replacement therapies, they are helping to withdraw the symptoms of smoking. These have also shown that these can have positive reinforcement with the person who is trying to give up. this meaning that the person is more likely to not do it again because they have something to distract them from the actual smoking. With this the client will used varies of different formulations and will slowly used smaller formulations as gum. Even though the client will have an urge to have a cigarettes, there are other ways to come about this. Nicotine patches help because they gradually emit nicotine throughout the day. If the client has a cigarette during the treatment, they are more likely to not repeat this again because the cigarette will be less satisfying. Bupropion Another way of helping with the addiction of smoking is bupropion. This drug works by increasing the brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, this simulates the effects of nicotine of these neurotransmitters. This is an effect treatment because it helped to block out the nicotine receptors. This means that the client is less likely that the client will relapse and have a cigarette. It has also bee proven my psychologists WATTS that it is successful. Varenicline This type of drug released dopamine in the brain. It also blocks effects of any nicotine added to the system. Trials have found that varenicline is superior to bupropion in helping people to stop smoking. Also it has helped smokers reduce the amount of cigarettes they have after a 12-week trial. Nicotine vaccines This is a new clinical trial, which is still undergoing at the moment. The type of trial is trying to help produce anti-bodies to the nicotine. The anti-bodies bind the nicotine so it takes longer to go to the brain. This therefore reduces the effect of the cigarettes smoke. EVALUTION Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine into the bloodstream much more slowly than cigarette smokers does. But then it doesn’t satisfy the smoker completely ad maybe the client will give up on the therapy and relapse. Other research has shown that it’s the nicotine rather than other components that underlines the addiction and this maintains the cigarettes smoking. This therefore doesn’t rid the client the nicotine addiction. There also have been issues with health and safety with the nicotine. Some research has shown that it could cause cardiovascular, cancer, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing. Because the body is still being supplied with nicotine, this could increase heart rate, coronary blood vessels and temporarily increase bloody pressure. There are quite a few side effects to take just nicotine and because of this, it is advised not to take it during pregnancy but then again it is safer to take nicotine than to smoke in pregnancy. How to cite Add Media, Papers

A And P With Araby Essay Example For Students

A And P With Araby Essay John Updikes A ; P and James Joyces Araby share many of the same literarytraits. The primary focus of the two stories revolves around a young man who iscompelled to decipher the different between cruel reality and the fantasies ofromance that play in his head. That the man does, indeed, discover thedifference is what sets him off into emotional collapse. One of the mainsimilarities between the two stories is the fact that the main character, who isalso the protagonist, has built up incredible,yet unrealistic, expectations ofwomen, having focused upon one in particular towards which he places all hisunrequited affection. The expectation these men hold when finally face toface with their object of worship (Wells, 1993, p. 127) is what sends thefinal and crushing blow of reality: The rejection they suffer is far too greatfor them to bear. Updike is famous for taking other authors works and twistingthem so that they reflect a more contemporary flavor. While the story remainsthe same, the climate is singular only to Updike. This is the reason why thereare similarities as well as deviations from Joyces original piece. Plot, themeand detail are three of the most resembling aspects of the two stories over allother literary components; characteristic of both writers works, each renditionoffers its own unique perspective upon the young mans romantic infatuation. Notonly are descriptive phrases shared by both stories, but parallels occur witheach ending, as well (Doloff 113). What is even more telling of Updikesimitation of Joyces Araby is the fact that the A P title is hauntinglyclose in pronunciation to the original storys title. The theme of A ; P andAraby are so close to each other that the subtle differences might be somewhatimperceptible to the untrained eye. Both stories delve into the unstable psycheof a young man who is faced with one of lifes most difficult lessons: thatthings are not always as they appear to be. Telling the tale as a way of lookingback on his life, the protagonist allows the reader to follow his lifes lessonsas they are learned, imparting upon the audience all the emotional pain andsuffering endured for each one. The primary focal point is the young mans lovefor a completely unattainable girl who unknowingly riles the man into such asexual and emotional frenzy that he begins to confuse sexual impulses forthose of honor and chivalry (Wells, 1993, p. 127). It is this verysituation of self-deception upon which both stories concentrate that brings theyoung man to his emotional knees as he is forced to compensate for theemptiness and longing in the young boys life (Norris 309). As much asUpdikes rendition is different from Joyces original work, the two pieces areas closely related as any literary writings can be. Specifically addressingdetails, it can be argued that Updike missed no opportunity to fashion A Pas much after Araby as possible. For example, one aspect of womanhood thatfascinates and intrigues both young men is t he whiteness of the girls skin. This explicit detail is not to be taken lightly in either piece, for theimplication is integral to the other important story elements, particularly asthey deal with female obsession. Focusing upon the milky softness and thewhite curve of her neck(Joyce 32) demonstrates the overwhelming interestJoyces protagonist place in the more subtle features; as well, Updikescharacter is equally as enthralled by the sensuality of his ladys longwhite prima-donna legs (A P 188). One considerable differencebetween Updikes A P and Joyces Araby is the gap between the young mensages, with Updikes embarking upon his twenties while Joyces is of asignificantly more tender age. This divergence presents itself as one of themost instrumentally unique aspects separating the two stories, as it establishesa considerable variance between the age groups. The reader is more readily ableto accept the fact that the younger man has not yet gained the ability toascertain the complex differences between loves reality ; on the other hand, itis not as easy to apply this same understanding to Updikes older character, whoshould by all rights be significantly more familiar with the ways of the worldby that age. The lesson that romance and morality are antithetical,whether learned from haunting celibates or breathed in with the chastisingDublin air, has not been lost on the narrator (Coulthard 97). What doesnot escape either story, however, is the manner in which the young men aretransformed into distracted, agitated, disoriented (Wells, 1993, p. .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .postImageUrl , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:hover , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:visited , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:active , .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140 .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6ed1d74143b02d16ab224d03a4b140:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: French Views of Slavery Essay127) versions of their former selves once they have become focused upon theirrespective objects of affection. Both have lost sight of what is importantwithin their lives, with the serious work of life (Joyce 32), to seewhat havoc their passion is wreaking. It is not important that everyone aroundthem notices the way they have withdrawn from reality; rather, they have bothcome under a spell of infatuation that pays no mind to anything but theirfixations (Wells, 1993). Despite their best efforts, neither young manultimately wins the heart or the attention of his respective loveinterest, which Updikes character asserts to be the sad part of thes tory (192). Their gallant rescue attempts aside, the two men are facedwith the grim and shattering reality that the girls have no desire for theircompany. This particular attention to plot is critical within the two stories,because it demonstrates how despair can be both disheartening and uplifting atthe same time. Updikes character has found himself holding a dollar bill thathe obtained from his lady love, to which he inwardly acknowledges it justhaving come from between the two smoothest scoops of vanilla I had everknown (193-94). The gifts each young man offered his love interest are notwell received; in fact, it is at this very moment in each story that the readerfeels the depths of each characters despair. While different in origination,the intent was the same, since both young men come from such diversebackgrounds; where Joyces Irish boy offers a material gesture, UpdikesAmerican character offers himself as a shield against any further antagonizinghis lady has endured. This cl early demonstrates the variance in bothmaterialistic values and the concepts of what is important to each young man. Toone, offering something tangible is far more worthwhile than anything else hecould present; to the other, however, extending his manliness far better suitshis attempts to win the girls heart. The storys closing moral turns onitself by concluding with a parabolic maneuver, by having the narrativeconsciousness turn itself into an allegorical figure (Norris 309). Nomatter their efforts, both young men fail miserably in their attempts to wootheir respective ladies. The similarities between the two stories with regard tothe manner in which each is conveyed to the reader speak of lifes lessons andthe sometimes painful road one is required to take in order to gain suchexperience. With images of chivalry and romance notwithstanding, both Updikes A P and Joyces Araby set forth to impart the many trials and tribulationsassociated with love. Expressions of emotions and thought s also showparallels, including the ending self-revelation and climax (Doloff 255). BibliographyCoulthard, A.R. Joyces Araby., The Explicator, vol. 52, (1994): Winter, pp.97(3). Doloff, Steven. Aspects of Miltons Paradise Lost inJames Joyces Araby., James Joyce Quarterly, vol. 33, (1995) : Fall, pp. 113(3). Doloff, Steven. Rousseau and the confessions of Araby.,James Joyce Quarterly, vol.33, (1996) : Winter, pp. 255(4). Joyce, James. Dubliners. (New York : Penguin, 1967). Norris, Margot. Blind streets andseeing houses: Arabys dim glass revisited., Studies in Short Fiction,vol. 32, (1995) : Summer, pp. 309(10). Updike, John. A P.Pigeon Feathers and Other Stories. (New York : Knopf, 1962). Wells, Walter. John Updikes A P: a return visit to Araby., Studies inShort Fiction, vol. 30, (1993) : Spring, pp. 127(7).